Moses warns Israel against perverting the justice due to the alien and the orphan, and forbids taking a widow’s garment in pledge.
Throughout the book of Deuteronomy, Moses expressed his concerns for those who were more vulnerable in the Israelite community—the alien, the orphan, and the widow. It was customary in some ancient Near Eastern societies for judges and lawyers to distort justice, allowing fortunate people to enjoy judicial privileges over those more vulnerable. But this was not to be so in Israel, because it was called by the Suzerain (Ruler) God to be a holy and righteous nation, representing God as a “kingdom of priests” (Exodus 19:4-6; Deuteronomy 16:18-20).
Therefore, Moses told the Israelites not to pervert the justice due an alien or an orphan nor take a widow’s garment in pledge (v. 17). The justice mentioned here was in the context of a court. These were the underprivileged in society and could easily be taken advantage of, but this law was designed to protect them from abuse in the legal system. When God exiled Israel, a major reason He gave for doing so was that justice was being withheld from the poor (Amos 5:14-15).
An alien (Heb. “gēr”) was someone who was living in Israel but was not an Israelite. However, such an alien could be accorded full participation and acceptance into the Israelite community, provided he agreed to be circumcised and followed the other Israelite rituals (Exodus 12:48-49).
The same treatment was to be accorded to the orphan also. In the Bible, an orphan (Heb. “yāthôm”) usually refers to a child without a father. Such a person was especially vulnerable because he did not enjoy the protection of the father. Consequently, Moses commanded the Israelites to treat the orphan fairly in court.
Just as this law required fair treatment in court for the alien and the orphan, it also states that no one was allowed to take a widow’s garment in pledge. A widow, a woman who has lost her husband by death and was still unmarried, did not have the protection of her husband and therefore could be easily victimized and reduced to poverty. It was possible for her to be constantly in debt, but no lender could use her garment as collateral for the payment of a loan. Just as in v. 24, the garment refers to a piece of clothing used as a cover against the cold when sleeping. This would put her health and possibly her overall wellbeing in jeopardy.
The basis for telling the people that they needed to treat others in a just and merciful way is that they needed to remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and that the Lord your God redeemed you from there (v. 18). They had spent over 400 years living under Egyptian rule. Then, their sovereign covenant LORD showed them mercy by delivering them from slavery, providing for them in the desert, and protecting them from enemies on their way to the Promised Land. Now every Israelite was to reflect these actions by demonstrating His character and grace to others. It was for this reason that Moses (and the LORD) was commanding you to do this thing.
In summary, Moses prescribed fair treatment for the alien, orphan, and widow. The LORD (through Moses) commanded the Israelites to show compassion to them because they were among the most underprivileged and vulnerable people in the society and needed protection from being exploited by others. This again underscores the basic principle underlying the last five of the Ten Commandments, which is for Israelites to love others as they love themselves. In this case, Israel was to treat the poor as they would hope to be treated if they themselves were poor.
Biblical Text
17 You shall not pervert the justice due an alien or an orphan, nor take a widow’s garment in pledge.18 But you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and that the Lord your God redeemed you from there; therefore I am commanding you to do this thing.
Check out our other commentaries:
-
Matthew 2:7-8 meaning
Herod intends to kill the child sought by the magi and end the threat to his rule. He treacherously summons the magi to determine precisely...... -
Philippians 3:8-11 meaning
Paul considers religious practices and custom meaningless compared to the far better value of serving Jesus Christ through the obedience of faith. Following the Jewish...... -
Acts 2:5-13 meaning
Jewish pilgrims and immigrants from all over the Roman Empire have come to Jerusalem to celebrate Pentecost. They hear the disciples speaking about God’s deeds...... -
Deuteronomy 4:41-43 meaning
After Israel’s conquest across the Jordan to the east, Moses sets apart three cities there to provide asylum for unintentional homicide....... -
Deuteronomy 5:16 meaning
God asks the Israelites to honor their parents so that they might live a long and prosperous life in the Promised Land.......
