In Judges 2:16-23, we see the start of the cyclical narrative of Israel’s disobedience and God’s mercy. Then the Lord raised up judges who delivered them from the hands of those who plundered them (v 16). The judges were leaders God appointed to deliver Israel from their enemies and provide guidance. These judges were not kings but were divinely established leaders who acted as both military deliverers and spiritual guides during periods of crisis. The book of Judges details the acts of these leaders, showing how God repeatedly intervened to rescue His people despite their continued unfaithfulness.

Yet they did not listen to their judges, for they played the harlot after other gods and bowed themselves down to them (v 17). The phrase played the harlot is a metaphorical expression used throughout the Bible to describe Israel’s unfaithfulness to God. Just as acting like a harlot betrays a marital relationship, Israel betrayed their covenant relationship with God by pursuing and worshiping other gods. This adultery led them away from the path their forefathers had walked, a path of obedience to God's commandments.

One of the most famous images of Israel at the harlot can be seen in the book of Hosea. God commands his prophet Hosea to take a wife who was a harlot. Through this marriage we see an image of Israel playing the harlot:

“When the Lord first spoke through Hosea, the Lord said to Hosea, ‘Go, take to yourself a wife of harlotry and have children of harlotry; for the land commits flagrant harlotry, forsaking the Lord.’”
(Hosea 1:2)

The passage goes on to emphasize the rapidity of their decline: They turned aside quickly from the way in which their fathers had walked in obeying the commandments of the Lord; they did not do as their fathers (v 17). The generation that followed Joshua quickly abandoned the faithfulness of their ancestors, falling inevitably into idolatry and disobedience. This highlights the recurring theme of Judges—the failure of each successive generation to maintain the covenant relationship with God.

Even in their disobedience, God's compassion is evident: When the Lord raised up judges for them, the Lord was with the judge and delivered them from the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge; for the Lord was moved to pity by their groaning because of those who oppressed and afflicted them (v 18). God’s presence with the judge underscores that the deliverance was entirely due to His grace, not the merit of the people. They did not deserve to be delivered from those who oppressed and afflicted them. Despite their rebellion, God was moved by their suffering and responded with compassion by raising up a judge to rescue them from their oppressors.

However, the cycle of sin continues: But it came about when the judge died, that they would turn back and act more corruptly than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them and bow down to them; they did not abandon their practices or their stubborn ways (v 19).

The repentance of the Israelites was always temporary. As soon as the judge died, the people reverted to even greater corruption, further entrenching themselves in idolatry and disobedience. Their failure to abandon their stubborn ways indicates a deep-seated resistance to change and a persistent refusal to fully submit to God’s authority.

In response to their continued rebellion, the anger of the Lord burned against Israel (v 20). God expresses His frustration with the nation’s persistent transgression of His covenant. He declares, Because this nation has transgressed My covenant which I commanded their fathers and has not listened to My voice (v 20).

This reflects the seriousness of Israel's covenant violation. The covenant was not just a set of laws but a sacred agreement that bound Israel to God as His chosen people. Their failure to keep this covenant and listen to God's voice provoked His righteous anger.

God’s judgment is pronounced: I also will no longer drive out before them any of the nations which Joshua left when he died (v 21). This statement marks a significant shift in God’s approach to Israel. Previously, God had driven out the Canaanite nations to make way for Israel to inherit the Promised Land.

However, due to their disobedience, God now decides to leave these nations in place. This decision serves a dual purpose: in order to test Israel by them, whether they will keep the way of the Lord to walk in it as their fathers did, or not (v 22). The remaining nations would be a test of Israel’s faithfulness, challenging them to resist the influence of idolatry and remain loyal to God.

The passage concludes with a summary of God’s decision: So the Lord allowed those nations to remain, not driving them out quickly; and He did not give them into the hand of Joshua (v 23). God’s decision to allow the Canaanite nations to remain was both a consequence of Israel’s disobedience and a test of their faithfulness.

The rollercoaster of disobedience, God’s merciful provision of a faithful judge, and subsequent obedience to God reminds us of how we humans are ultimately in need of God, otherwise we will keep falling in to rebellion. We need God to heal our sinful hearts and heal this corrupted world. We cannot make it happen on our own. It is only God who can redeem and restore. The Apostle Paul explains in 2 Corinthians,

“For we know that if the earthly tent which is our house is torn down, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. For indeed in this house we groan, longing to be clothed with our dwelling from heaven.”
(2 Corinthians 5:1-2)

The people long for the eternal King and His eternal kingdom, a position that the Son of God would satisfy at His coming. The judges, while part of God’s mercy at this time, do not fulfill the longing for the Savior. However faithfully they served God and led the people, every judge over Israel eventually died and stayed dead. God would eventually send His Son, who died and was then raised to eternal life (1 Peter 2:24). He will be an everlasting ruler for the everlasting people He has redeemed.

Judges 2:16-23 illustrates the repetitive nature of Israel’s relationship with God during the period of the judges—disobedience, oppression, repentance, and deliverance—while also showing God’s enduring mercy. Though there were serious consequences of covenant unfaithfulness, God never gives up on His people (1 Samuel 12:22, Psalm 94:14). The book of Judges demonstrates how corrupt we humans are at our core. We cannot save ourselves from our destructive instincts; only God can save His people (Ephesians 2:8).

In times of distress, the Israelites faced dire circumstances due to their continuous cycle of turning away from God. Amid their oppression and suffering, we see a pivotal moment in the narrative where divine grace shines through. It is not Israel's merit that prompts God's deliverance; rather, it is His compassion and mercy that lead Him to act on their behalf. This verse encapsulates a recurring theme throughout the Book of Judges, where despite Israel's persistent unfaithfulness, God remains faithful to His covenant.

The narrative highlights God's unprompted mercy, illustrating that deliverance is a result of divine grace rather than human repentance or righteousness. This demonstrates the character of God as one who responds to groaning and suffering, initiating restoration amid rebellion. Such grace serves as a reminder that even in periods of chaos, there exists hope for redemption as God raises deliverers to save His people, which forms a significant aspect of Israel’s relationship with Him during the judges' era—culminating in repeated cycles of sin, suffering, supplication, and ultimately salvation, as seen in Judges 2:16.