1 Samuel Commentary

First Samuel is a historical account set during the transition from the era of Israel’s judges to the establishment of its monarchy. The author is not explicitly identified, though some Jewish and Christian traditions credit portions of the writing to the prophet Samuel himself, with possible contributions by other prophets. The narrative begins around the late 11th century BC in the land of Israel, where God’s people were struggling with leadership issues following the turbulent time of the Judges. One of the key geographical centers in the early chapters is Shiloh, a city in the hill country of Ephraim. Shiloh served as a religious hub where the tabernacle stood, and it was here that Hannah prayed earnestly for a son, ultimately dedicating him to God’s service.

Samuel’s birth brings a promise of spiritual renewal and national stability. Raised under the guidance of the priest Eli, Samuel emerges as a dedicated prophet, speaking God’s word to a generation in desperate need of direction. His leadership is fully displayed when the people cry out for a king, desiring to resemble the surrounding nations more than they trust in God’s theocracy. Despite God’s warnings about the potential pitfalls of royalty, Samuel anoints Saul to serve as Israel’s first monarch (about 1050–1010 BC). Initially, Saul’s rule brings military victories and unites Israel against its enemies, especially the Philistines who inhabited the coastal plains to the southwest. However, Saul’s disobedience and prideful behavior ultimately lead to God’s rejection of him as king.

The Lord then directs Samuel to anoint David, a young shepherd from Bethlehem. David’s early achievements, most notably his courageous defeat of the Philistine champion Goliath, mark him as a man of faithful confidence in God. This victory sparks nationwide respect for David but also fierce jealousy in Saul, driving the king to pursue David and attempt to take his life. The narrative reveals contrasting character traits between Saul, who grows desperate and fearful, and David, who continuously seeks God’s guidance and demonstrates mercy toward the king who hunts him.

In the later chapters, the book captures Saul’s tragic end in battle, bringing his attempts at defying God’s plan to a decisive conclusion. David’s survival and emerging leadership set the stage for his eventual accession to the throne, a key point in Israel’s history that will continue in the following book. By showcasing Samuel’s prophetic influence, Saul’s struggles with pride, and David’s rise in humble faith, First Samuel illustrates God’s sovereignty over national affairs and individual destinies, reminding readers that seeking the Lord’s will provides true security and blessing.